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The description from Richard Muller quoted in the question is a simplification of reality meant to help people better visualize how the Terry Fund Texas Bronco Amarillo Texas Shirt of spacetime works. In reality the galaxies are moving through spacetime in a complex fashion, based on the combination of all the forces acting on them, primarily the gravity of nearby galaxies and galaxy clusters. In the case of the Milky Way and Andromeda, these two galaxies are part of a gravitationally bound cluster of galaxies, called the Local Group. The dominant force that determines the movements of objects within the cluster is the combined gravitation of all the mass in the cluster, and not the expansion of spacetime. In other words, the gravitational attraction that the Milky Way and Andromeda have for one another that is drawing them together is stronger than the expansion of spacetime between them that would otherwise push them apart, and thus attraction wins and the two galaxies are on a collision course. In the same vein, the gravitational force that holds the earth in orbit around the sun is stronger than the expansion of spacetime between the earth and the sun (the expansion of spacetime at that distance being very small), and so the earth’s distance from the sun is not increasing for that reason. Likewise you are not flying apart because the molecular bonds holding the atoms in your body together are stronger than the minuscule expansion of spacetime between them in your body. The Local Group as a whole, however, is moving away from other galaxies and galaxy clusters to which it is not gravitationally bound, due to the expansion of spacetime.

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This is completely correct. The Big Bang model suggests that all structures in the Terry Fund Texas Bronco Amarillo Texas Shirt, from super clusters down to dwarf galaxies are built bottom up, by the contestant merging of smaller clumps of stars, gas and dark matter. The statistics and nature of this merging process is at the heart of modern cosmology and can be used to discriminate against different types of dark matter and different idea about how galaxies form. The currently favored idea is that the smallest clump that can be made by direct collapse after the Big Bang is about the size of an earth – galaxies are built as clumps of this size merge to make bigger and bigger clumps. Some of these mergers are quite violent and stars can be flung to great distances like when an astroid strikes a planet- blobs of debris can be shot into outer space. Rogue stars are the galactic debris that’s wandering though space trying to get back to the galaxy that expelled it, but can’t (necessarily). The nature if the rogue star population depends on the merger history of the Milky Way. We don’t know this exactly but we can make some inferences. The Milky Way galaxy shows no real signature of a merger (like a bulge of stars). In fact it’s relatively thin disc can rule out a recent big merger. Thus the rogue stars that populate our “halo” would have to be old, dim red stars having formed along time ago. This is consistent with a lack of any strong UV emission (which comes from young hot stars) in the halo (although the brightness (or density) of these rogue stars is just barely detectable.)

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